I have recently changed my dog, (a JRT) bedtime routine for various reasons; one of which is I will be putting him in a kennel or boarding for two weeks over the summer for the first time (he is 5) so I wanted to get him used to sleeping on his own again (he was crate trained as a pup) First two nights the dog was unsettled, barking, whining & soiling. On the third night I went to my local pets at home to buy the calming spray, I put some on his bedding approx. 4 hours before bed, then rubbed a little on his chest just before bedtime. He was quiet for the entire night and did not soil at all. I have to say although by the third night he was maybe getting more used to the routine, I feel this spray worked well for calming anxiety and distress. Consistency with routine and a combination of the spray has worked very well for anyone unsure.